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Lots of other Scientologist-run businesses and companies belong to the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses using Hubbard's management doctrines, and distributes directory sites of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management seeks advice from to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires growth. You can help by contributing to it. In order to assist in the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of effective or respected people. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has attained some reliability as a religious beliefs in numerous countries, Scientology has likewise been described as both a cult and an industrial enterprise.
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For example, it has actually been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Level playing field individuals it views as its opponents. In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of scams, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel versus legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be perceived as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had initially demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in a web poll run by the presidential transition group getting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head office positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on relabelled the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated one of the largest penetration of United States federal companies ever committed by a company not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity committed by these offenders is of a breadth and scope formerly unusual. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No individual or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive tactics in addressing those it sees as trying to reduce them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable game. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted read this article for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its creator.
Using blank paper understood to have actually been handled by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb dangers in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to jail navigate here for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.